EU’s Green Steel Push Poses Challenges for Automakers Facing Emission Cuts
Automakers Grapple with EU’s Green Steel Mandates and Emission Targets
By Marie Mannes, Greta Rosen Fondahn and Nick Carey
Introduction: The Costly Path to Green Steel
STOCKHOLM/LONDON, March 3 (Reuters) – Buying expensive steel made with a nascent technology fuelled by green hydrogen that barely exists yet?
That is the prospect facing Europe’s automakers, already under pressure from intensifying Chinese competition, under European Union plans aimed at bolstering the bloc’s steel industry and still hitting its environmental targets.
EU Policy Shifts and Industry Response
In December, the EU shifted to a 90% cut in CO₂ emissions for all new cars from 2035 from an earlier 100% – dropping a full ban on combustion‑engine vehicles, which the industry had opposed due to the slow uptake of electric cars.
EU’s Plan to Boost European Steel Sector
EU WANTS TO BOOST EUROPEAN STEEL SECTOR
Under the new proposal, tied to the EU’s Industrial Accelerator Act due to be presented on March 4, automakers, which account for a fifth of Europe’s steel demand, must compensate the remaining 10% through low‑carbon steel and alternative fuels.
Challenges in Green Steel Production
The catch? European “green steel” projects have increasingly been delayed, paused or cancelled, as green hydrogen made with the use of renewable energy is proving expensive and not yet available at scale.
When available, such steel is expected to cost about a third more than the conventional product, according to pure-play green steel hopeful Stegra.
Steelmakers’ Strategic Shifts
Confronted with such economics, steelmakers including ArcelorMittal and Salzgitter are pivoting to scrap‑based output. Others, most notably Thyssenkrupp, are renegotiating subsidy terms with Brussels.
Data from the Leadership Group for Industry Transition – an initiative gathering governments and global companies – showed planned annual green steel capacity reaching around 28 million tons by 2050. Reuters calculations, however, show that only a third of that capacity is under construction. Around 18 million tons of planned capacity would be in Europe.
“We don’t really have hydrogen available – at least not in the scale needed,” ArcelorMittal CFO Genuino Christino told Reuters last month.
Automotive Industry Concerns
Germany’s auto lobby has criticised the EU’s plan.
“This means that our industry is once again dependent on developments over which it has no influence,” VDA president Hildegard Mueller said in December.
Nearly a dozen executives and experts across the automotive and steel industries told Reuters they expected Brussels to introduce policies to create a new market for low-emission steel and encourage demand. Most expect only limited detail in the initial proposal, with key elements delayed.
“There’s confusion amongst a lot of people after the Commission’s proposal, trying to understand … what’s realistic, what the market would actually look like,” said Chris Heron, secretary general of E‑Mobility Europe.
Defining Green Steel: The ‘Wild West’ of Standards
DEFINITION ‘WILD WEST’
Another challenge is the absence of an agreed definition of green, or low‑carbon, steel. One steel executive described today’s market as a “wild west”. Reuters has found companies use varying terms, metrics and thresholds to market their lower‑emission products.
Technological and Supply Chain Barriers
Switching from coal‑based blast furnaces to hydrogen‑based direct reduced iron (DRI) systems and electric arc furnaces (EAF) involves investments of billions of euros.
Many steelmakers are instead pivoting to a more cautious, step‑by‑step strategy, centred on the electric arc furnaces, which can initially run on scrap before switching to hydrogen-based DRI.
Scrap‑fed EAFs emit far less carbon than blast furnaces, but many industry players say they cannot be the long‑term solution because high‑quality scrap is limited.
Automakers’ Adaptation Strategies
Automakers are adjusting, too.
Volvo Car, which had aimed to start using hydrogen‑based steel from 2027 from SSAB, has agreed to begin using scrap‑based fossil‑free steel, later shifting to hydrogen‑based supply once production is in place.
“We believe that there will be a demand,” said Christian Levin, CEO of Traton’s Scania. “(But) we are not commercially offering it yet and we are not yet buying it because it is not yet available.”
Conclusion
(Reporting by Marie Mannes, Greta Rosen Fondahn and Nick Carey; Writing by Christoph Steitz and Marie Mannes additional reporting by Javi West LarranagaEditing by Tomasz Janowski)
