IDTechEx’s portfolio dedicated to Hydrogen Research Reports provides multifaceted research into technologies, materials, and potential uptake of hydrogen technologies, and the latest developments within the sector.
Stationary fuel cells and SOFCs
Fuels cells are a means of power generation gaining attention as a result of their decarbonization promises and ability to be used across sectors ranging from automotives in fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) to backup power systems for data centers or other commercial sites.
Stationary fuel cells operate from a fixed place either permanently or as a semi-mobile power source and can provide relief and energy security where grid instability may be occurring.
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are one of the favored options for stationary applications, with the ability to operate with a high-power output, having flexibility where fuel is concerned, and having combined heat and power efficiency. As a result of SOFCs have high operating temperatures, they are more suited to continuous operations such as commercial and industrial power, utilities, and residential applications. However, IDTechEx reports that low temperature SOFCs are currently under development in the pursuit of ensuring risks of cell component degradation is avoided and lowering start up times.
Alternatives to SOFCs for stationary applications are outlined in the latest report, “Stationary Fuel Cell Markets 2025-2035: Technologies, Players & Forecasts”. They include alkaline fuel cells (AFCs) and molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs), which despite their respective benefits of having quick start up times and an ability to internally reform fuels, are subject to multiple drawbacks and lower efficiencies.
PEM fuel cells for automotives
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are one of the most popular and sought after types, with low operating temperatures, fast startup times, and quick responses to changes occurring within the grid. PEMFCs use high quality hydrogen to lower risks associated with carbon monoxide. However, the greater costs associated with PEMFCs than that of lower grade hydrogen, and a lack of hydrogen infrastructure, reduces the feasibility of widespread adoption. IDTechEx also states that platinum metal used as a catalyst induces additional costs, currently making uptake even more exclusive and limiting the potential growth of applications.
Sustainable hydrogen and its electrolysis production
Green hydrogen is a popular topic of conversation within the hydrogen sector and is drawing attention based on its name being tied to clear sustainability motivations.
The creation of hydrogen requires electrolysis, and IDTechEx’s report, “Materials for Green Hydrogen Production 2026-2036: Technologies, Players, Forecasts”, covers different types of electrolyzers including the alkaline water electrolyzer (AEL), proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEMEL), anion exchange membrane electrolyzer (AEMEL), and solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC). They each have varying electrochemistries and can be categorized by their individual components and specific material uses.
PEMELs work by allowing the selective, high conduction of protons between the cathode and anode as a result of the use of multilayer structures. They also have low gas permeability, low membrane thickness, and strong stability. AEL on the other hand have porous diaphragms that act as semipermeable barriers to separate the anode and cathode while ions travel through. The differences in electrolyzer types see cost, efficiency, and manufacturing differentiations, each of which may also be influenced by the supply chain and accessibility of manufacturing.
Green hydrogen as the most premium source of hydrogen for use within fuel cells is priced at a much greater cost than less pure alternatives. However, to achieve the greatest sustainability claims and to see the largest effects and rewards of decarbonization, green hydrogen will be the most effective way forward.
