| 1. |
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. |
Overview of electrolyzer technologies |
| 1.2. |
Water electrolyzer technology comparison – current density & voltage (1) |
| 1.3. |
Water electrolyzer technology comparison – current density & voltage (2) |
| 1.4. |
AEL materials & components summary |
| 1.5. |
AEL materials & components summary |
| 1.6. |
AEL system suppliers by type (atmospheric, pressurized, advanced) |
| 1.7. |
AEL component supply chain |
| 1.8. |
AEL – electrodes & catalysts summary |
| 1.9. |
AEL – porous diaphragm summary |
| 1.10. |
AEL – bipolar plate (BPP) summary |
| 1.11. |
AEL – porous transport layer (PTL) summary |
| 1.12. |
PEM electrolyzer component summary |
| 1.13. |
PEMEL materials & components summary |
| 1.14. |
PEMEL stack suppliers |
| 1.15. |
PEMEL component supply chain (1/2) |
| 1.16. |
PEMEL component supply chain (2/2) |
| 1.17. |
PEMEL – proton exchange membrane summary |
| 1.18. |
PEMEL – catalysts (anode & cathode) summary |
| 1.19. |
PEMEL – CCM / MEA summary |
| 1.20. |
PEMEL – porous transport layer (PTL) & gas diffusion layer (GDL) summary |
| 1.21. |
PEMEL – bipolar plate (BPP) & coating summary |
| 1.22. |
AEMEL materials & components summary |
| 1.23. |
AEMEL stack & anion exchange membrane suppliers |
| 1.24. |
AEMEL – anion exchange membrane summary |
| 1.25. |
AEMEL – electrodes / catalysts and CCM / MEA summary |
| 1.26. |
AEMEL – bipolar plates, porous transport layers, gas diffusion layers |
| 1.27. |
Gaskets for AEL, PEMEL & AEMEL |
| 1.28. |
SOEC materials & components summary |
| 1.29. |
SOEC materials & components summary |
| 1.30. |
SOEC & SOFC system suppliers |
| 1.31. |
SOEC component supply chain |
| 1.32. |
SOEC – electrode electrolyte assembly (EEA) (1) |
| 1.33. |
SOEC – electrode electrolyte assembly (EEA) (2) |
| 1.34. |
SOEC – interconnects, coatings & contact layers summary |
| 1.35. |
SOEC – gaskets & sealants summary |
| 1.36. |
End plates for electrolyzers (AEL, PEMEL, AEMEL, SOEC) |
| 1.37. |
Annual electrolyzer demand by technology (GW) |
| 1.38. |
Electrolyzer stack cost forecasts by technology (US$/kW) |
| 1.39. |
Electrolyzer stack cost forecasts by component (%) |
| 1.40. |
Annual electrolyzer components market by technology (US$M) |
| 1.41. |
AEL – components market forecast (US$ millions) |
| 1.42. |
PEMEL – components market forecast (US$ millions) |
| 1.43. |
SOEC – components market forecast (US$ millions) |
| 1.44. |
AEMEL – components market forecast (US$M) |
| 1.45. |
Access More With an IDTechEx Subscription |
| 2. |
INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. |
Introduction to the hydrogen value chain |
| 2.1.1. |
State of the hydrogen market today |
| 2.1.2. |
Major drivers for hydrogen production & adoption |
| 2.1.3. |
Key legislation & funding mechanisms driving hydrogen development |
| 2.1.4. |
The colors of hydrogen |
| 2.1.5. |
Hydrogen value chain overview |
| 2.1.6. |
Why is green hydrogen needed? |
| 2.1.7. |
Typical green hydrogen plant layout (1) |
| 2.1.8. |
Typical green hydrogen plant layout (2) |
| 2.1.9. |
Green hydrogen: Main water electrolyzer technologies |
| 2.1.10. |
Cost comparison of different types of hydrogen |
| 2.1.11. |
Overview of hydrogen storage |
| 2.1.12. |
Overview of hydrogen distribution |
| 2.1.13. |
Overview of hydrogen applications |
| 2.1.14. |
Fuel cell technologies – overview |
| 2.1.15. |
Automotive PEMFC demand far exceeds that of stationary applications |
| 2.1.16. |
Hydrogen purity requirements |
| 2.1.17. |
European hydrogen market – major developments |
| 2.1.18. |
European hydrogen market – major setbacks & challenges |
| 2.1.19. |
US hydrogen market drivers – pre-2025 |
| 2.1.20. |
US hydrogen market challenges – 2024 and 2025 |
| 2.1.21. |
Outlook on the low-carbon hydrogen industry in the US |
| 2.1.22. |
Outlook on the low-carbon hydrogen industry globally |
| 2.2. |
Overview of green hydrogen & water electrolysis technologies |
| 2.2.1. |
Monopolar vs bipolar electrolyzers |
| 2.2.2. |
Overview of electrolyzer technologies |
| 2.2.3. |
Overview of electrolyzer technologies & market landscape |
| 2.2.4. |
Electrolyzer cells, stacks and balance of plant (BOP) |
| 2.2.5. |
Electrolyzer balance of plant (BOP) layout example |
| 2.2.6. |
Electrolyzer BOP & typical system boundaries |
| 2.2.7. |
Comparison of electrolyzer performance characteristics |
| 2.2.8. |
Pros & cons of the four main electrolyzer technologies |
| 2.2.9. |
Factors to consider in electrolyzer choice |
| 2.2.10. |
Cost challenges in green hydrogen production |
| 2.2.11. |
Why innovate electrolyzer materials & components? |
| 2.3. |
Electrochemistry basics |
| 2.3.1. |
Importance of active & stable electrocatalysts |
| 2.3.2. |
Electrocatalyst activity metrics |
| 2.3.3. |
Electrocatalyst stability & efficiency metrics |
| 2.3.4. |
Origin of the volcano plot in electrocatalysis |
| 3. |
ALKALINE ELECTROLYZER (AEL) MATERIALS & COMPONENTS |
| 3.1. |
Overview of alkaline electrolyzers & component supply chain |
| 3.1.1. |
Alkaline water electrolyzer (AEL) – brief historical background |
| 3.1.2. |
Alkaline electrolyzer (AEL) plant – operating principles |
| 3.1.3. |
Classifications of alkaline electrolyzers |
| 3.1.4. |
Atmospheric vs pressurized alkaline electrolyzers |
| 3.1.5. |
Alkaline water electrolyzer (AEL) – modern commercial cell & stack designs (1) |
| 3.1.6. |
Alkaline water electrolyzer (AEL) – modern commercial cell & stack designs (2) |
| 3.1.7. |
Next-gen alkaline electrolyzer stack design |
| 3.1.8. |
Electrolyzer OEM’s perspectives on stack component innovation |
| 3.1.9. |
US DOE technical targets for AEL |
| 3.1.10. |
AEL materials & components summary |
| 3.1.11. |
AEL materials & components summary |
| 3.1.12. |
Evolution of alkaline electrolyzer cell electrodes & porous transport layers |
| 3.1.13. |
Key innovation focuses for AEL improvement |
| 3.1.14. |
AEL materials & components supplier summary |
| 3.1.15. |
AEL system suppliers by type (atmospheric, pressurized, advanced) |
| 3.1.16. |
AEL component supply chain |
| 3.1.17. |
AEL membrane & cell frame |
| 3.1.18. |
AEL gasket / seal suppliers |
| 3.1.19. |
AEL electrodes, catalysts & PTL/GDL suppliers |
| 3.1.20. |
AEL electrodes, catalysts & PTL/GDL suppliers |
| 3.1.21. |
AEL bipolar plate suppliers |
| 3.2. |
AEL catalysts & electrodes |
| 3.2.1. |
AEL – electrodes & catalysts summary |
| 3.2.2. |
Zero-gap electrode configuration in alkaline electrolyzers |
| 3.2.3. |
De Nora’s zero-gap cell design |
| 3.2.4. |
Substrates for alkaline electrolyzer electrodes (1) |
| 3.2.5. |
Substrates for alkaline electrolyzer electrodes (2) |
| 3.2.6. |
Key considerations in electrode design for alkaline electrolyzers |
| 3.2.7. |
Cathode: Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) |
| 3.2.8. |
Alkaline HER volcano & cathode catalysts |
| 3.2.9. |
Common AEL cathode catalysts used commercially (1) |
| 3.2.10. |
Common AEL cathode catalysts used commercially (2) |
| 3.2.11. |
Emerging AEL cathode catalyst formulations (1) |
| 3.2.12. |
Emerging AEL cathode catalyst formulations (2) |
| 3.2.13. |
Comparison of hydrogen evolution catalysts |
| 3.2.14. |
Approaches to improved HER catalyst design |
| 3.2.15. |
Anode: oxygen evolution reaction (OER) |
| 3.2.16. |
Oxygen evolution catalysts – finding the sweet spot |
| 3.2.17. |
Common AEL anode catalysts used commercially |
| 3.2.18. |
Platinum group metals are used in some advanced alkaline stacks |
| 3.2.19. |
Case study – Asahi Kasei’s hydrogen evolution catalyst |
| 3.2.20. |
Emerging AEL anode catalyst formulations |
| 3.2.21. |
Comparison of oxygen evolution catalysts |
| 3.2.22. |
Approaches to improved OER catalyst design |
| 3.2.23. |
Catalyst coating techniques for electrodes (1) |
| 3.2.24. |
Catalyst coating techniques for electrodes (2) |
| 3.2.25. |
Electrode activation processes |
| 3.2.26. |
Electrode manufacturing case study: Nel Hydrogen (1) |
| 3.2.27. |
Electrode manufacturing case study: Nel Hydrogen (2) |
| 3.2.28. |
De Nora – leading electrode manufacturer for alkaline electrolyzers (1) |
| 3.2.29. |
De Nora – leading electrode manufacturer for alkaline electrolyzers (2) |
| 3.2.30. |
Veco – high surface area electrodes |
| 3.2.31. |
Stargate Hydrogen – ceramic-based electrodes |
| 3.2.32. |
McPhy & Stargate Hydrogen partnership for ceramic electrodes |
| 3.2.33. |
Bifunctional catalysts for alkaline & seawater electrolysis |
| 3.2.34. |
Catrodes – bifunctional catalysts |
| 3.2.35. |
Jolt Solutions’ new manufacturing process for AEL electrodes |
| 3.2.36. |
ENDURE project – porous transport electrodes (PTEs) for AEL (1) |
| 3.2.37. |
ENDURE project – porous transport electrodes (PTEs) for AEL (2) |
| 3.2.38. |
ENDURE project – porous transport electrodes (PTEs) for AEL (3) |
| 3.3. |
AEL separators (diaphragms) |
| 3.3.1. |
AEL – porous diaphragm summary |
| 3.3.2. |
Alkaline electrolyzer diaphragms & separators |
| 3.3.3. |
Comparison of common diaphragms |
| 3.3.4. |
Materials used for construction of commercial diaphragms |
| 3.3.5. |
Agfa’s Zirfon separator – incumbent material for AEL diaphragms |
| 3.3.6. |
Agfa’s Zirfon separator – product lines & properties |
| 3.3.7. |
Agfa’s Zirfon separator – commercial advancement |
| 3.3.8. |
Alternatives to Zirfon separators |
| 3.3.9. |
Other alkaline electrolyzer separator suppliers (1) |
| 3.3.10. |
Other alkaline electrolyzer separator suppliers (2) |
| 3.3.11. |
Potential material suppliers for diaphragm manufacturing |
| 3.3.12. |
Electrolyzer OEMs using their own diaphragm materials |
| 3.3.13. |
Novamem’s Slash porous alkaline diaphragm (1) |
| 3.3.14. |
Novamem’s Slash porous alkaline diaphragm (2) |
| 3.3.15. |
Catalyst coated diaphragms for alkaline electrolyzers (1) |
| 3.3.16. |
Catalyst coated diaphragms for alkaline electrolyzers (2) |
| 3.3.17. |
Future directions for AEL separators |
| 3.3.18. |
Improving porous diaphragms (1/2) |
| 3.3.19. |
Improving porous diaphragms (2/2) |
| 3.3.20. |
Ion-solvating membranes (ISMs) |
| 3.3.21. |
Polybenzimidazole (PBI) ion-solvating membranes |
| 3.4. |
AEL bipolar plates & porous transport layers (PTLs) |
| 3.4.1. |
AEL – bipolar plate (BPP) summary |
| 3.4.2. |
Other bipolar plate designs |
| 3.4.3. |
AEL – porous transport layer (PTL) summary |
| 3.4.4. |
Porous transport layers (PTLs) |
| 3.4.5. |
Evolution of alkaline electrolyzer cell electrodes & porous transport layers |
| 3.5. |
AEL gaskets & stack assembly components |
| 3.5.1. |
Gaskets for AEL |
| 3.5.2. |
AEL gaskets |
| 3.5.3. |
AEL gasket materials (1) |
| 3.5.4. |
AEL gasket materials (2) |
| 3.5.5. |
AEL cell frame |
| 3.5.6. |
AEL end plates & stack assembly (1) |
| 3.5.7. |
AEL end plates & stack assembly (2) |
| 3.5.8. |
Röchling Group – PEEK end plates & bolts |
| 4. |
PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE ELECTROLYZER (PEMEL) MATERIALS & COMPONENTS |
| 4.1. |
Overview of the PEM electrolyzer component supply chain |
| 4.1.1. |
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell – overview |
| 4.1.2. |
PEM fuel cell component summary |
| 4.1.3. |
Proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEMEL) – overview |
| 4.1.4. |
PEM electrolyzer component summary |
| 4.1.5. |
PEMEL materials & components summary |
| 4.1.6. |
PEM electrolyzer vs PEM fuel cell components |
| 4.1.7. |
PEMEL materials & components supplier summary (1/2) |
| 4.1.8. |
PEMEL materials & components supplier summary (2/2) |
| 4.1.9. |
PEMEL stack suppliers |
| 4.1.10. |
PEMEL component supply chain (1/2) |
| 4.1.11. |
PEMEL component supply chain (2/2) |
| 4.1.12. |
PEMEL membrane suppliers |
| 4.1.13. |
PEMEL gasket / seal suppliers |
| 4.1.14. |
PEMEL anode titanium PTLs |
| 4.1.15. |
PEMEL cathode carbon GDLs |
| 4.1.16. |
PEMEL bipolar plate manufacturers |
| 4.1.17. |
PEMEL catalyst suppliers |
| 4.1.18. |
PEMEL catalyst coated membrane (CCM) suppliers |
| 4.1.19. |
PEMEL coating equipment / services suppliers |
| 4.2. |
PEMEL catalysts & electrodes |
| 4.2.1. |
PEMEL – catalysts (anode & cathode) summary |
| 4.2.2. |
Cathode: Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) |
| 4.2.3. |
Acidic HER volcano & cathode catalysts |
| 4.2.4. |
Commercial platinum on carbon (Pt/C) catalysts |
| 4.2.5. |
Influence of carbon black support on Pt/C |
| 4.2.6. |
Nippon Steel Chemical & Material – mesoporous carbon support for Pt/C catalysts |
| 4.2.7. |
Comparison of HER electrocatalysts |
| 4.2.8. |
Future directions for HER catalysts |
| 4.2.9. |
Anode: Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) |
| 4.2.10. |
Acidic OER volcano & cathode catalysts |
| 4.2.11. |
Commercial iridium-based catalysts |
| 4.2.12. |
Ir-Ru mixed metal oxide (MMO) catalysts |
| 4.2.13. |
Ames Goldsmith Ceimig case study |
| 4.2.14. |
Ames Goldsmith Ceimig – new Ir-Pt OER catalyst |
| 4.2.15. |
Heraeus – new supported IrOx OER catalyst |
| 4.2.16. |
Smoltek – new nanostructured catalysts |
| 4.2.17. |
Comparison of OER electrocatalysts |
| 4.2.18. |
Future directions for OER catalysts |
| 4.2.19. |
Catalyst degradation mechanisms |
| 4.2.20. |
Catalyst degradation examples |
| 4.2.21. |
Electrocatalyst production overview |
| 4.2.22. |
Example Pt/C production process |
| 4.2.23. |
Recent trends from precious metal catalyst manufacturers |
| 4.2.24. |
3M’s nanostructure iridium catalyst (1) |
| 4.2.25. |
3M’s nanostructure iridium catalyst (2) |
| 4.2.26. |
Calicat – using AI to develop PGM-free PEM electrolyzer catalysts |
| 4.3. |
Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) |
| 4.3.1. |
PEMEL – proton exchange membrane summary |
| 4.3.2. |
Proton exchange membranes – brief history, functions & materials |
| 4.3.3. |
PEM fuel cell vs electrolyzer membranes |
| 4.3.4. |
Key parameters defining PFSA ionomer structure & properties |
| 4.3.5. |
Overview of factors causing PEM membrane degradation |
| 4.3.6. |
Historical perspective on membrane manufacturers & key properties |
| 4.3.7. |
Nafion – the market leading membrane |
| 4.3.8. |
Chemours’ Nafion properties & grades |
| 4.3.9. |
Pros & cons of Nafion & PFSA membranes |
| 4.3.10. |
Proton exchange membrane market landscape |
| 4.3.11. |
Leading modern PFSA membranes – key players & properties |
| 4.3.12. |
Comparison of PFSA membrane properties |
| 4.3.13. |
Ion exchange membrane material benchmarking – PEM fuel cells |
| 4.3.14. |
Ion exchange membrane material benchmarking – PEM water electrolyzers |
| 4.3.15. |
Example supply chain for proton exchange membranes – Gore |
| 4.3.16. |
Future directions for MEAs: H2/O2 recombination layer |
| 4.3.17. |
Chemours gas recombination catalyst additive research |
| 4.3.18. |
Reducing PEMEL membrane thickness without impacting safety (1) |
| 4.3.19. |
Minimizing LCOH with proton exchange membranes (PEM) |
| 4.3.20. |
High-temperature proton exchange membranes |
| 4.3.21. |
Innovations in PEMFC membranes may influence PEMEL (1) |
| 4.3.22. |
Innovations in PEMFC membranes may influence PEMEL (2) |
| 4.3.23. |
Ongoing concerns with PFAS |
| 4.3.24. |
Hydrocarbons as proton exchange membranes |
| 4.3.25. |
Alternative PEM materials: Hydrocarbon IEMs |
| 4.3.26. |
Toray’s hydrocarbon proton exchange membrane |
| 4.3.27. |
Assessment of hydrocarbon membranes |
| 4.3.28. |
Benchmarking of Ionomr membrane against incumbent PFAS membrane |
| 4.4. |
Proton exchange membrane innovations & manufacturing |
| 4.4.1. |
Fluoropolymers in the polymer pyramid |
| 4.4.2. |
PFSA ionomer design |
| 4.4.3. |
PFSA membrane extrusion casting process |
| 4.4.4. |
PFSA membrane solution casting process |
| 4.4.5. |
Special release membrane for PFSA solution casting process |
| 4.4.6. |
PFSA membrane dispersion casting process |
| 4.4.7. |
Melt-blowing PEM manufacturing process – NRC Canada |
| 4.4.8. |
Improvements to PFSA membranes |
| 4.4.9. |
Trade-offs in optimizing membrane performance |
| 4.4.10. |
Improving dimensional and mechanical stability using simultaneous stretching |
| 4.4.11. |
Reinforced PFAS membranes: Multilayer vs woven membranes |
| 4.4.12. |
Chemours reinforced Nafion membranes |
| 4.4.13. |
Gore reinforced SELECT membranes |
| 4.4.14. |
Reinforcing ion exchange membranes using multilayer co-extrusion |
| 4.4.15. |
Material companies are venturing into membrane reinforcement |
| 4.4.16. |
Innovation areas for reinforced multilayer IEMs |
| 4.4.17. |
PFSA composite materials |
| 4.5. |
Catalyst coated membranes (CCMs) for PEMELs |
| 4.5.1. |
PEMEL – CCM / MEA summary |
| 4.5.2. |
PEMEL vs PEMFC membrane electrode assembly |
| 4.5.3. |
Typical catalyst coated membrane (CCM) |
| 4.5.4. |
CCM production technologies |
| 4.5.5. |
Comparison of coating processes |
| 4.5.6. |
Roll-to-roll CCM production processes (1/2) |
| 4.5.7. |
Roll-to-roll CCM production processes (2/2) |
| 4.5.8. |
RWTH Aachen & Laufenberg’s research into CCM production |
| 4.5.9. |
Fraunhofer ISE MEA research (1/2) |
| 4.5.10. |
Fraunhofer ISE MEA research (2/2) |
| 4.5.11. |
Catalyst ink formulation – key considerations |
| 4.5.12. |
Future directions for MEAs: Understanding degradation mechanisms |
| 4.5.13. |
Future directions for MEAs: Iridium deposition on GDL/PTL using SparkNano’s sALD |
| 4.5.14. |
Future directions for MEAs: Iridium deposition on GDL/PTL using Toshiba’s vacuum sputtering technology |
| 4.5.15. |
Future directions for MEAs: Direct membrane deposition (DMD) |
| 4.5.16. |
Future directions for MEAs: H2/O2 recombination layer |
| 4.6. |
PEMEL gas diffusion layers (GDLs) & porous transport layers (PTLs) |
| 4.6.1. |
PEMEL – porous transport layer (PTL) & gas diffusion layer (GDL) summary |
| 4.6.2. |
PTL/GDL characteristics & materials |
| 4.6.3. |
Typical GDL structure |
| 4.6.4. |
Cathode GDL: Hydrophobic treatment |
| 4.6.5. |
Cathode GDL production process |
| 4.6.6. |
Cellulosic fiber GDL: No MPL required |
| 4.6.7. |
GDL innovation trends |
| 4.6.8. |
AvCarb – advancements in GDL designs for fuel cells |
| 4.6.9. |
GDL supply chain for FCEV stacks |
| 4.6.10. |
Key GDL suppliers |
| 4.6.11. |
Titanium porous transport layer (PTL) |
| 4.6.12. |
Anode PTL: Sintered porous titanium |
| 4.6.13. |
Interactions between PTL & catalyst layer |
| 4.6.14. |
Bekaert – sintered titanium PTL |
| 4.6.15. |
Caplinq – example Ti PTL production process |
| 4.6.16. |
Shinsung C&T – electronics component manufacturer venturing into electrolyzer materials |
| 4.6.17. |
Sintered powder Ti felt production |
| 4.6.18. |
Future directions for anode Ti PTL |
| 4.7. |
PEMEL bipolar plates (BPPs) & coatings |
| 4.7.1. |
PEMEL – bipolar plate (BPP) & coating summary |
| 4.7.2. |
Bipolar plate flow fields |
| 4.7.3. |
Comparison of flow fields |
| 4.7.4. |
Future directions for bipolar plate flow fields |
| 4.7.5. |
Bipolar plate materials overview |
| 4.7.6. |
PEMEL cannot use graphite BPPs |
| 4.7.7. |
Bipolar plate manufacturing methods focus on metal plates |
| 4.7.8. |
Graebener – bipolar plate production technology |
| 4.7.9. |
Consortium approach for production of BPPs |
| 4.7.10. |
Feintool & SITEC bipolar plate manufacturing process |
| 4.7.11. |
Commercial bipolar plate: Platinum-coated titanium |
| 4.7.12. |
HEF Groupe: New PVD coating technologies |
| 4.7.13. |
Gold cathode & platinum anode BPP coating |
| 4.7.14. |
Ionbond – new coating technology |
| 4.7.15. |
Ti-coated stainless steel BPPs |
| 4.7.16. |
Sydrogen – new BPP coating technology |
| 4.7.17. |
James Cropper’s BPP & PTL coating technology |
| 4.7.18. |
Future coatings for metal bipolar plates |
| 4.7.19. |
Carbon composite bipolar plate materials |
| 4.7.20. |
Conventional metallic bipolar plate process |
| 4.7.21. |
Advanced photochemical etching processes |
| 4.7.22. |
Comparison of production methods |
| 4.8. |
PEMEL gaskets & stack assembly components |
| 4.8.1. |
Gaskets for PEMEL |
| 4.8.2. |
PEMEL gasket functions & requirements |
| 4.8.3. |
Gasket design considerations |
| 4.8.4. |
Gasket material selection (1/2) |
| 4.8.5. |
Gasket material selection (2/2) |
| 4.8.6. |
O-ring & injection molded gaskets |
| 4.8.7. |
WEVO-CHEMIE – liquid gaskets for electrolyzers |
| 4.8.8. |
PEMEL cell frames |
| 4.8.9. |
PEMEL end plates & stack assembly (1/2) |
| 4.8.10. |
Stack assembly example – Plug Power |
| 4.8.11. |
Syensqo – PPS endplates for PEM fuel cells |
| 5. |
ANION EXCHANGE MEMBRANE ELECTROLYZER (AEMEL) MATERIALS & COMPONENTS |
| 5. |
ANION EXCHANGE MEMBRANE ELECTROLYZER (AEMEL) MATERIALS & COMPONENTS |
| 5.1. |
Overview of AEM electrolyzer materials |
| 5.1. |
Overview of AEM electrolyzer materials |
| 5.1.1. |
Anion exchange membrane electrolyzer (AEMEL) plant – operating principles |
| 5.1.1. |
Anion exchange membrane electrolyzer (AEMEL) plant – operating principles |
| 5.1.2. |
The case for AEMEL development |
| 5.1.2. |
The case for AEMEL development |
| 5.1.3. |
AEMEL’s similarities to AEL & PEMEL |
| 5.1.3. |
AEMEL’s similarities to AEL & PEMEL |
| 5.1.4. |
Why AEM electrolyzer development is progressing quickly |
| 5.1.4. |
Why AEM electrolyzer development is progressing quickly |
| 5.1.5. |
AEMEL materials & components summary |
| 5.1.5. |
AEMEL materials & components summary |
| 5.1.6. |
Enapter – the leading AEMEL company |
| 5.1.6. |
Enapter – the leading AEMEL company |
| 5.1.7. |
AEMEL stack & anion exchange membrane suppliers |
| 5.1.7. |
AEMEL stack & anion exchange membrane suppliers |
| 5.2. |
Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) |
| 5.2. |
Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) |
| 5.2.1. |
AEMEL – anion exchange membrane summary |
| 5.2.1. |
AEMEL – anion exchange membrane summary |
| 5.2.2. |
Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) in AEMELs |
| 5.2.2. |
Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) in AEMELs |
| 5.2.3. |
Anion exchange membrane (AEM) materials |
| 5.2.3. |
Anion exchange membrane (AEM) materials |
| 5.2.4. |
AEM material challenges & prospects |
| 5.2.4. |
AEM material challenges & prospects |
| 5.2.5. |
Comparison of commercial AEM materials |
| 5.2.5. |
Comparison of commercial AEM materials |
| 5.2.6. |
High-performance AEMELs require engineering beyond just membranes |
| 5.2.6. |
High-performance AEMELs require engineering beyond just membranes |
| 5.2.7. |
Commercial hydrocarbon AEM material examples (I) |
| 5.2.7. |
Commercial hydrocarbon AEM material examples (I) |
| 5.2.8. |
Commercial hydrocarbon AEM material examples (II) |
| 5.2.8. |
Commercial hydrocarbon AEM material examples (II) |
| 5.2.9. |
Versogen’s anion exchange membrane |
| 5.2.9. |
Versogen’s anion exchange membrane |
| 5.2.10. |
Orion polymer (1) |
| 5.2.10. |
Orion polymer (1) |
| 5.2.11. |
Orion polymer (2) |
| 5.2.11. |
Orion polymer (2) |
| 5.2.12. |
Enapter – the leading AEMEL company |
| 5.2.12. |
Enapter – the leading AEMEL company |
| 5.2.13. |
AEMEL stack & anion exchange membrane suppliers |
| 5.2.13. |
AEMEL stack & anion exchange membrane suppliers |
| 5.2.14. |
Ion exchange membrane material benchmarking – AEM water electrolyzers |
| 5.2.14. |
Ion exchange membrane material benchmarking – AEM water electrolyzers |
| 5.2.15. |
Gen-Hy’s vertical integration for AEM electrolyzers |
| 5.2.15. |
Gen-Hy’s vertical integration for AEM electrolyzers |
| 5.3. |
AEMEL electrodes, bipolar plates, transport layers & other components |
| 5.3. |
AEMEL electrodes, bipolar plates, transport layers & other components |
| 5.3.1. |
AEMEL – electrodes / catalysts and CCM / MEA summary |
| 5.3.1. |
AEMEL – electrodes / catalysts and CCM / MEA summary |
| 5.3.2. |
AEMEL catalysts overview |
| 5.3.2. |
AEMEL catalysts overview |
| 5.3.3. |
AEMEL catalysts summary |
| 5.3.3. |
AEMEL catalysts summary |
| 5.3.4. |
AEMEL membrane electrode assembly (MEA) |
| 5.3.4. |
AEMEL membrane electrode assembly (MEA) |
| 5.3.5. |
Commercial AEMEL MEA design |
| 5.3.5. |
Commercial AEMEL MEA design |
| 5.3.6. |
TNO and partners aim for AEM electrolyzer component standardization |
| 5.3.6. |
TNO and partners aim for AEM electrolyzer component standardization |
| 5.3.7. |
NovaMea – new AEMEL membranes, ionomers and catalysts (1) |
| 5.3.7. |
NovaMea – new AEMEL membranes, ionomers and catalysts (1) |
| 5.3.8. |
NovaMea – new AEMEL membranes, ionomers and catalysts (2) |
| 5.3.8. |
NovaMea – new AEMEL membranes, ionomers and catalysts (2) |
| 5.3.9. |
AEMEL – bipolar plates, porous transport layers, gas diffusion layers |
| 5.3.9. |
AEMEL – bipolar plates, porous transport layers, gas diffusion layers |
| 5.3.10. |
Gaskets for AEMEL |
| 5.3.10. |
Gaskets for AEMEL |
| 6. |
SOLID OXIDE ELECTROLYZERS (SOEC) MATERIALS & COMPONENTS |
| 6. |
SOLID OXIDE ELECTROLYZERS (SOEC) MATERIALS & COMPONENTS |
| 6.1. |
Overview of SOEC component supply chain |
| 6.1. |
Overview of SOEC component supply chain |
| 6.1.1. |
Solid oxide electrolyzer (SOEC) |
| 6.1.1. |
Solid oxide electrolyzer (SOEC) |
| 6.1.2. |
US DOE technical targets for SOEC |
| 6.1.2. |
US DOE technical targets for SOEC |
| 6.1.3. |
SOEC materials & components summary |
| 6.1.3. |
SOEC materials & components summary |
| 6.1.4. |
SOEC materials & components summary |
| 6.1.4. |
SOEC materials & components summary |
| 6.1.5. |
SOEC materials & components supplier summary |
| 6.1.5. |
SOEC materials & components supplier summary |
| 6.1.6. |
SOEC & SOFC stack suppliers |
| 6.1.6. |
SOEC & SOFC stack suppliers |
| 6.1.7. |
SOEC component supply chain |
| 6.1.7. |
SOEC component supply chain |
| 6.1.8. |
SOEC electrolyte & electrode material suppliers |
| 6.1.8. |
SOEC electrolyte & electrode material suppliers |
| 6.1.9. |
SOEC sealing & insulating material suppliers |
| 6.1.9. |
SOEC sealing & insulating material suppliers |
| 6.1.10. |
SOEC interconnect metals & coatings material suppliers |
| 6.1.10. |
SOEC interconnect metals & coatings material suppliers |
| 6.2. |
SOEC electrolytes |
| 6.2. |
SOEC electrolytes |
| 6.2.1. |
SOEC – electrode electrolyte assembly (EEA) (1) |
| 6.2.1. |
SOEC – electrode electrolyte assembly (EEA) (1) |
| 6.2.2. |
SOEC – electrode electrolyte assembly (EEA) (2) |
| 6.2.2. |
SOEC – electrode electrolyte assembly (EEA) (2) |
| 6.2.3. |
SOEC electrolyte functions & requirements |
| 6.2.3. |
SOEC electrolyte functions & requirements |
| 6.2.4. |
Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte |
| 6.2.4. |
Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte |
| 6.2.5. |
YSZ electrolyte technical & commercial considerations |
| 6.2.5. |
YSZ electrolyte technical & commercial considerations |
| 6.2.6. |
Alternative electrolyte materials |
| 6.2.6. |
Alternative electrolyte materials |
| 6.2.7. |
Impact of LT-SOFC electrolyte development |
| 6.2.7. |
Impact of LT-SOFC electrolyte development |
| 6.2.8. |
Comparison of electrolyte materials |
| 6.2.8. |
Comparison of electrolyte materials |
| 6.2.9. |
Advanced Ionics’ lower temperature electrolyte and SOEC |
| 6.2.9. |
Advanced Ionics’ lower temperature electrolyte and SOEC |
| 6.3. |
SOEC electrodes |
| 6.3. |
SOEC electrodes |
| 6.3.1. |
Cathode: Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) |
| 6.3.1. |
Cathode: Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) |
| 6.3.2. |
Ni cermet – the conventional material |
| 6.3.2. |
Ni cermet – the conventional material |
| 6.3.3. |
Improving cathode materials |
| 6.3.3. |
Improving cathode materials |
| 6.3.4. |
Anode: Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) |
| 6.3.4. |
Anode: Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) |
| 6.3.5. |
LSM-YSZ – the conventional material |
| 6.3.5. |
LSM-YSZ – the conventional material |
| 6.3.6. |
LSC & LSCF – new state-of-the-art materials (1/2) |
| 6.3.6. |
LSC & LSCF – new state-of-the-art materials (1/2) |
| 6.3.7. |
LSC & LSCF – new state-of-the-art materials (2/2) |
| 6.3.7. |
LSC & LSCF – new state-of-the-art materials (2/2) |
| 6.3.8. |
Alternative anode materials & innovations |
| 6.3.8. |
Alternative anode materials & innovations |
| 6.3.9. |
SOEC component degradation challenges |
| 6.3.9. |
SOEC component degradation challenges |
| 6.3.10. |
Degradation mechanisms & mitigation strategies for SOECs & SOFCs |
| 6.3.10. |
Degradation mechanisms & mitigation strategies for SOECs & SOFCs |
| 6.4. |
SOEC interconnects, coatings & contact layers |
| 6.4. |
SOEC interconnects, coatings & contact layers |
| 6.4.1. |
SOEC – interconnects, coatings & contact layers summary |
| 6.4.1. |
SOEC – interconnects, coatings & contact layers summary |
| 6.4.2. |
SOEC interconnect functions & requirements |
| 6.4.2. |
SOEC interconnect functions & requirements |
| 6.4.3. |
Ceramic interconnects |
| 6.4.3. |
Ceramic interconnects |
| 6.4.4. |
Improving ceramic interconnects |
| 6.4.4. |
Improving ceramic interconnects |
| 6.4.5. |
Metallic interconnects |
| 6.4.5. |
Metallic interconnects |
| 6.4.6. |
Protective coatings for metallic interconnects |
| 6.4.6. |
Protective coatings for metallic interconnects |
| 6.4.7. |
fuelcellmaterials’ coating for metallic interconnects |
| 6.4.7. |
fuelcellmaterials’ coating for metallic interconnects |
| 6.4.8. |
Contact layers for metallic interconnects |
| 6.4.8. |
Contact layers for metallic interconnects |
| 6.4.9. |
Alleima’s pre-coated stainless steel |
| 6.4.9. |
Alleima’s pre-coated stainless steel |
| 6.4.10. |
Contact layer commercial example |
| 6.4.10. |
Contact layer commercial example |
| 6.5. |
SOEC sealants & insulating materials |
| 6.5. |
SOEC sealants & insulating materials |
| 6.5.1. |
SOEC – gaskets & sealants summary |
| 6.5.1. |
SOEC – gaskets & sealants summary |
| 6.5.2. |
SOEC sealant functions & requirements |
| 6.5.2. |
SOEC sealant functions & requirements |
| 6.5.3. |
Compressive sealants |
| 6.5.3. |
Compressive sealants |
| 6.5.4. |
Flexitallic – Thermiculite sealing technology (1) |
| 6.5.4. |
Flexitallic – Thermiculite sealing technology (1) |
| 6.5.5. |
Flexitallic – Thermiculite sealing technology (2) |
| 6.5.5. |
Flexitallic – Thermiculite sealing technology (2) |
| 6.5.6. |
Glass-ceramic sealants |
| 6.5.6. |
Glass-ceramic sealants |
| 6.5.7. |
Mo-Sci – viscous compliant sealants |
| 6.5.7. |
Mo-Sci – viscous compliant sealants |
| 6.5.8. |
SOEC insulation functions & requirements |
| 6.5.8. |
SOEC insulation functions & requirements |
| 6.5.9. |
SOEC insulating materials |
| 6.5.9. |
SOEC insulating materials |
| 6.6. |
SOEC cell manufacturing & stack assembly |
| 6.6. |
SOEC cell manufacturing & stack assembly |
| 6.6.1. |
Tubular vs planar SOEC & SOFC cells |
| 6.6.1. |
Tubular vs planar SOEC & SOFC cells |
| 6.6.2. |
Solid oxide cell configurations |
| 6.6.2. |
Solid oxide cell configurations |
| 6.6.3. |
Ceramic cell manufacturing process (1) |
| 6.6.3. |
Ceramic cell manufacturing process (1) |
| 6.6.4. |
Ceramic cell manufacturing process (2) |
| 6.6.4. |
Ceramic cell manufacturing process (2) |
| 6.6.5. |
Manufacturing process variations & new processes |
| 6.6.5. |
Manufacturing process variations & new processes |
| 6.6.6. |
Idaho National Lab – advanced sintering technology for solid oxide cells |
| 6.6.6. |
Idaho National Lab – advanced sintering technology for solid oxide cells |
| 6.6.7. |
Metal-supported cell features & manufacturing |
| 6.6.7. |
Metal-supported cell features & manufacturing |
| 6.6.8. |
Ceres Power – commercial SOFC example |
| 6.6.8. |
Ceres Power – commercial SOFC example |
| 6.6.9. |
Metallic component manufacturing, component integration & assembly |
| 6.6.9. |
Metallic component manufacturing, component integration & assembly |
| 6.6.10. |
Elcogen – commercial SOEC cell example |
| 6.6.10. |
Elcogen – commercial SOEC cell example |
| 6.6.11. |
Topsoe’s SOEC cell development & outlook |
| 6.6.11. |
Topsoe’s SOEC cell development & outlook |
| 6.6.12. |
OxEon Energy – SOEC cell & stack design |
| 6.6.12. |
OxEon Energy – SOEC cell & stack design |
| 7. |
ELECTROLYZER MANUFACTURING & MATERIAL MARKET TRENDS |
| 7. |
ELECTROLYZER MANUFACTURING & MATERIAL MARKET TRENDS |
| 7.1. |
Electrolyzer manufacturing innovations |
| 7.1. |
Electrolyzer manufacturing innovations |
| 7.1.1. |
Manufacturing scale-up as a key lever for electrolyzer cost reductions |
| 7.1.1. |
Manufacturing scale-up as a key lever for electrolyzer cost reductions |
| 7.1.2. |
Accelera by Cummins: Strategies for LCOH reduction |
| 7.1.2. |
Accelera by Cummins: Strategies for LCOH reduction |
| 7.1.3. |
thyssenkrupp nucera: Perspectives from a large electrolyzer OEM |
| 7.1.3. |
thyssenkrupp nucera: Perspectives from a large electrolyzer OEM |
| 7.1.4. |
Electrolyzer manufacturing challenges overview |
| 7.1.4. |
Electrolyzer manufacturing challenges overview |
| 7.1.5. |
Simultaneous engineering in electrolyzer design |
| 7.1.5. |
Simultaneous engineering in electrolyzer design |
| 7.1.6. |
thyssenkrupp – scaling up electrolyzer & fuel cell manufacturing |
| 7.1.6. |
thyssenkrupp – scaling up electrolyzer & fuel cell manufacturing |
| 7.1.7. |
Hitachi High-Tech – in-line inspection for fuel cell & electrolyzers |
| 7.1.7. |
Hitachi High-Tech – in-line inspection for fuel cell & electrolyzers |
| 7.1.8. |
AVL – optimization & testing for fuel cells & electrolyzers |
| 7.1.8. |
AVL – optimization & testing for fuel cells & electrolyzers |
| 7.2. |
Alternatives to PFAS in ion exchange membranes |
| 7.2. |
Alternatives to PFAS in ion exchange membranes |
| 7.2.1. |
PFAS in ion exchange membranes (IEMs) |
| 7.2.1. |
PFAS in ion exchange membranes (IEMs) |
| 7.2.2. |
PFAS in IEMs: Outlook by application |
| 7.2.2. |
PFAS in IEMs: Outlook by application |
| 7.2.3. |
Chemours’ focus on responsible manufacturing of Nafion |
| 7.2.3. |
Chemours’ focus on responsible manufacturing of Nafion |
| 7.2.4. |
Key parameters required to replace PFAS membranes |
| 7.2.4. |
Key parameters required to replace PFAS membranes |
| 7.2.5. |
Emerging alternative membranes |
| 7.2.5. |
Emerging alternative membranes |
| 7.2.6. |
Hydrocarbon membranes are leading competitors to PFAS-containing membranes |
| 7.2.6. |
Hydrocarbon membranes are leading competitors to PFAS-containing membranes |
| 7.2.7. |
Alternative polymer materials for ion exchange membranes |
| 7.2.7. |
Alternative polymer materials for ion exchange membranes |
| 7.2.8. |
Boron-containing hydrocarbon membranes |
| 7.2.8. |
Boron-containing hydrocarbon membranes |
| 7.2.9. |
Other non-PBI containing ion solvating membranes |
| 7.2.9. |
Other non-PBI containing ion solvating membranes |
| 7.2.10. |
Glass-filled cross-linked PEEK for improved membrane stiffness |
| 7.2.10. |
Glass-filled cross-linked PEEK for improved membrane stiffness |
| 7.2.11. |
Bio-based PFSA-free membranes based on cellulose |
| 7.2.11. |
Bio-based PFSA-free membranes based on cellulose |
| 7.2.12. |
Inorganic and inorganic-organic hybrid ion exchange membranes |
| 7.2.12. |
Inorganic and inorganic-organic hybrid ion exchange membranes |
| 7.2.13. |
Inorganic membranes: Membrion |
| 7.2.13. |
Inorganic membranes: Membrion |
| 7.2.14. |
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) – overview |
| 7.2.14. |
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) – overview |
| 7.2.15. |
MOF applications in ion exchange membranes |
| 7.2.15. |
MOF applications in ion exchange membranes |
| 7.2.16. |
MOF-based ion exchange membranes are not ready for commercialization |
| 7.2.16. |
MOF-based ion exchange membranes are not ready for commercialization |
| 7.2.17. |
Commercial maturity of PFAS alternatives in ion exchange membranes |
| 7.2.17. |
Commercial maturity of PFAS alternatives in ion exchange membranes |
| 7.3. |
PFAS in seals & gaskets |
| 7.3. |
PFAS in seals & gaskets |
| 7.3.1. |
PFAS in seals and gaskets for high-tech applications |
| 7.3.1. |
PFAS in seals and gaskets for high-tech applications |
| 7.3.2. |
Common materials utilized for sealing applications |
| 7.3.2. |
Common materials utilized for sealing applications |
| 7.3.3. |
Fluoropolymers in the polymer pyramid |
| 7.3.3. |
Fluoropolymers in the polymer pyramid |
| 7.3.4. |
Dominance of PTFE & fluoroelastomers in sealing applications |
| 7.3.4. |
Dominance of PTFE & fluoroelastomers in sealing applications |
| 7.3.5. |
Sealing for the hydrogen value chain |
| 7.3.5. |
Sealing for the hydrogen value chain |
| 7.3.6. |
Sealing for the hydrogen value chain |
| 7.3.6. |
Sealing for the hydrogen value chain |
| 7.3.7. |
Sealing for the hydrogen value chain |
| 7.3.7. |
Sealing for the hydrogen value chain |
| 7.3.8. |
Sealing for the hydrogen value chain |
| 7.3.8. |
Sealing for the hydrogen value chain |
| 7.3.9. |
Electrolyzer gasket materials |
| 7.3.9. |
Electrolyzer gasket materials |
| 7.3.10. |
Electrolyzer gasket materials |
| 7.3.10. |
Electrolyzer gasket materials |
| 7.3.11. |
Gasket material selection |
| 7.3.11. |
Gasket material selection |
| 7.3.12. |
Gasket material selection |
| 7.3.12. |
Gasket material selection |
| 7.3.13. |
Application example 2 – hydrogen value chain |
| 7.3.13. |
Application example 2 – hydrogen value chain |
| 7.3.14. |
European Sealing Association (ESA) opinions on PFAS bans |
| 7.3.14. |
European Sealing Association (ESA) opinions on PFAS bans |
| 7.3.15. |
Seals and gaskets supply chain overview |
| 7.3.15. |
Seals and gaskets supply chain overview |
| 7.3.16. |
Seals and gaskets supply chain: Selected companies |
| 7.3.16. |
Seals and gaskets supply chain: Selected companies |
| 7.3.17. |
Materials suppliers for seals and gaskets: Non-PFAS and PFAS materials |
| 7.3.17. |
Materials suppliers for seals and gaskets: Non-PFAS and PFAS materials |
| 7.3.18. |
Materials suppliers for seals and gaskets (1) |
| 7.3.18. |
Materials suppliers for seals and gaskets (1) |
| 7.3.19. |
Materials suppliers for seals and gaskets (2) |
| 7.3.19. |
Materials suppliers for seals and gaskets (2) |
| 7.3.20. |
Potential PFAS-free alternatives for sealing applications in the hydrogen sector |
| 7.3.20. |
Potential PFAS-free alternatives for sealing applications in the hydrogen sector |
| 7.3.21. |
Potential for PFAS-free alternatives for sealing applications |
| 7.3.21. |
Potential for PFAS-free alternatives for sealing applications |
| 7.3.22. |
Trends towards liquid sealants supports non-PFAS sealing materials |
| 7.3.22. |
Trends towards liquid sealants supports non-PFAS sealing materials |
| 7.3.23. |
Cure mechanisms for liquid sealants |
| 7.3.23. |
Cure mechanisms for liquid sealants |
| 7.3.24. |
Key materials and players for liquid sealants |
| 7.3.24. |
Key materials and players for liquid sealants |
| 7.3.25. |
DuPont – PI for hydrogen sealing |
| 7.3.25. |
DuPont – PI for hydrogen sealing |
| 7.3.26. |
WEVO-CHEMIE – liquid sealants |
| 7.3.26. |
WEVO-CHEMIE – liquid sealants |
| 7.3.27. |
Syensqo’s alternatives to fluoropolymers |
| 7.3.27. |
Syensqo’s alternatives to fluoropolymers |
| 7.3.28. |
Omniseal Solutions – variety of PFAS alternatives |
| 7.3.28. |
Omniseal Solutions – variety of PFAS alternatives |
| 7.3.29. |
Freudenberg Sealing Technologies – view on regulations |
| 7.3.29. |
Freudenberg Sealing Technologies – view on regulations |
| 7.3.30. |
Freudenberg Sealing Technologies – new PU material |
| 7.3.30. |
Freudenberg Sealing Technologies – new PU material |
| 7.3.31. |
SGL Carbon – graphite sealants |
| 7.3.31. |
SGL Carbon – graphite sealants |
| 7.3.32. |
Metallic gaskets as PFAS alternatives |
| 7.3.32. |
Metallic gaskets as PFAS alternatives |
| 7.3.33. |
Summary and conclusions – PFAS alternatives for seals and gaskets |
| 7.3.33. |
Summary and conclusions – PFAS alternatives for seals and gaskets |
| 7.4. |
Platinum group metal (PGM) supply chains considerations |
| 7.4. |
Platinum group metal (PGM) supply chains considerations |
| 7.4.1. |
Critical minerals for the hydrogen economy |
| 7.4.1. |
Critical minerals for the hydrogen economy |
| 7.4.2. |
Global critical mineral supply chains |
| 7.4.2. |
Global critical mineral supply chains |
| 7.4.3. |
Clean energy applications competing for raw materials |
| 7.4.3. |
Clean energy applications competing for raw materials |
| 7.4.4. |
Green hydrogen’s influence on minerals |
| 7.4.4. |
Green hydrogen’s influence on minerals |
| 7.4.5. |
Platinum & iridium supply chain considerations |
| 7.4.5. |
Platinum & iridium supply chain considerations |
| 7.4.6. |
Historical iridium price volatility |
| 7.4.6. |
Historical iridium price volatility |
| 7.4.7. |
Historical iridium supply and demand |
| 7.4.7. |
Historical iridium supply and demand |
| 7.4.8. |
Will iridium supply limit the growth of PEMEL? |
| 7.4.8. |
Will iridium supply limit the growth of PEMEL? |
| 7.4.9. |
Precious metal supply risk |
| 7.4.9. |
Precious metal supply risk |
| 7.4.10. |
Heraeus’ views on the iridium market |
| 7.4.10. |
Heraeus’ views on the iridium market |
| 7.4.11. |
Heraeus’ focus on ruthenium catalysts |
| 7.4.11. |
Heraeus’ focus on ruthenium catalysts |
| 7.4.12. |
Heraeus – challenges in transitioning to new PEMEL catalysts |
| 7.4.12. |
Heraeus – challenges in transitioning to new PEMEL catalysts |
| 7.4.13. |
Importance of technological advancements & PGM recycling |
| 7.4.13. |
Importance of technological advancements & PGM recycling |
| 7.4.14. |
Heraeus – PGM recycling from electrolyzers & fuel cells |
| 7.4.14. |
Heraeus – PGM recycling from electrolyzers & fuel cells |
| 7.4.15. |
Fraunhofer IWKS – recovery of materials from end-of-life fuel cells |
| 7.4.15. |
Fraunhofer IWKS – recovery of materials from end-of-life fuel cells |
| 7.5. |
Considerations for hydrogen embrittlement in metallic components |
| 7.5. |
Considerations for hydrogen embrittlement in metallic components |
| 7.5.1. |
Hydrogen embrittlement & compatible metal alloys |
| 7.5.1. |
Hydrogen embrittlement & compatible metal alloys |
| 7.5.2. |
Influence of nickel in austenitic stainless steels for H2 applications |
| 7.5.2. |
Influence of nickel in austenitic stainless steels for H2 applications |
| 7.5.3. |
Influence of Ti in austenitic stainless steels for H2 applications |
| 7.5.3. |
Influence of Ti in austenitic stainless steels for H2 applications |
| 8. |
MARKET FORECASTS FOR ELECTROLYZER COMPONENTS |
| 8. |
MARKET FORECASTS FOR ELECTROLYZER COMPONENTS |
| 8.1.1. |
Forecasting methodology & assumptions (1) |
| 8.1.1. |
Forecasting methodology & assumptions (1) |
| 8.1.2. |
Forecasting methodology & assumptions (2) |
| 8.1.2. |
Forecasting methodology & assumptions (2) |
| 8.1.3. |
Annual electrolyzer demand by technology (GW) |
| 8.1.3. |
Annual electrolyzer demand by technology (GW) |
| 8.1.4. |
Electrolyzer stack cost forecasts by technology (US$/kW) |
| 8.1.4. |
Electrolyzer stack cost forecasts by technology (US$/kW) |
| 8.1.5. |
Electrolyzer stack cost forecasts by component (%) |
| 8.1.5. |
Electrolyzer stack cost forecasts by component (%) |
| 8.1.6. |
Annual electrolyzer components market by technology (US$M) |
| 8.1.6. |
Annual electrolyzer components market by technology (US$M) |
| 8.1.7. |
AEL – components forecast by area (1000s m2) |
| 8.1.7. |
AEL – components forecast by area (1000s m2) |
| 8.1.8. |
AEL – components forecast by weight (kilotonnes) |
| 8.1.8. |
AEL – components forecast by weight (kilotonnes) |
| 8.1.9. |
AEL – components market forecast (US$ millions) |
| 8.1.9. |
AEL – components market forecast (US$ millions) |
| 8.1.10. |
PEMEL – components forecast by area (1000s m2) |
| 8.1.10. |
PEMEL – components forecast by area (1000s m2) |
| 8.1.11. |
PEMEL – precious metals forecast by weight (tonnes) |
| 8.1.11. |
PEMEL – precious metals forecast by weight (tonnes) |
| 8.1.12. |
PEMEL – components forecast by weight (kilotonnes) |
| 8.1.12. |
PEMEL – components forecast by weight (kilotonnes) |
| 8.1.13. |
PEMEL – components market forecast (US$ millions) |
| 8.1.13. |
PEMEL – components market forecast (US$ millions) |
| 8.1.14. |
SOEC – metallic components forecast by weight (tonnes) |
| 8.1.14. |
SOEC – metallic components forecast by weight (tonnes) |
| 8.1.15. |
SOEC – ceramic components forecast by weight (tonnes) |
| 8.1.15. |
SOEC – ceramic components forecast by weight (tonnes) |
| 8.1.16. |
SOEC – components forecast by area (1000s m2) |
| 8.1.16. |
SOEC – components forecast by area (1000s m2) |
| 8.1.17. |
SOEC – components market forecast (US$ millions) |
| 8.1.17. |
SOEC – components market forecast (US$ millions) |
| 8.1.18. |
AEMEL – components forecast by area (1000s m2) |
| 8.1.18. |
AEMEL – components forecast by area (1000s m2) |
| 8.1.19. |
AEMEL – components forecast by weight (tonnes) |
| 8.1.19. |
AEMEL – components forecast by weight (tonnes) |
| 8.1.20. |
AEMEL – components market forecast (US$M) |
| 8.1.20. |
AEMEL – components market forecast (US$M) |
| 9. |
COMPANY PROFILES |
| 9. |
COMPANY PROFILES |
| 9.1. |
1s1 Energy |
| 9.1. |
1s1 Energy |
| 9.2. |
Agfa-Gevaert NV: Alkaline Electrolyzer Separator |
| 9.2. |
Agfa-Gevaert NV: Alkaline Electrolyzer Separator |
| 9.3. |
Alleima: Fuel Cell BPP & Interconnect Materials |
| 9.3. |
Alleima: Fuel Cell BPP & Interconnect Materials |
| 9.4. |
Ames Goldsmith Ceimig: PEMEL/FC Electrocatalysts |
| 9.4. |
Ames Goldsmith Ceimig: PEMEL/FC Electrocatalysts |
| 9.5. |
Asahi Kasei: Aqualyzer (Green Hydrogen) |
| 9.5. |
Asahi Kasei: Aqualyzer (Green Hydrogen) |
| 9.6. |
AvCarb |
| 9.6. |
AvCarb |
| 9.7. |
CellMo |
| 9.7. |
CellMo |
| 9.8. |
Ceres Power |
| 9.8. |
Ceres Power |
| 9.9. |
De Nora: Alkaline Electrolyzer Electrodes |
| 9.9. |
De Nora: Alkaline Electrolyzer Electrodes |
| 9.10. |
Evonik |
| 9.10. |
Evonik |
| 9.11. |
Fraunhofer IKTS: SOEC/SOFC Technology |
| 9.11. |
Fraunhofer IKTS: SOEC/SOFC Technology |
| 9.12. |
Fumatech |
| 9.12. |
Fumatech |
| 9.13. |
Heraeus: Catalysts for the Hydrogen Economy |
| 9.13. |
Heraeus: Catalysts for the Hydrogen Economy |
| 9.14. |
Hyproof Tech. |
| 9.14. |
Hyproof Tech. |
| 9.15. |
IHI Ionbond: Coatings for Bipolar Plates |
| 9.15. |
IHI Ionbond: Coatings for Bipolar Plates |
| 9.16. |
INEOS Electrochemical Solutions |
| 9.16. |
INEOS Electrochemical Solutions |
| 9.17. |
Ionomr Innovations |
| 9.17. |
Ionomr Innovations |
| 9.18. |
Ionomr Innovations |
| 9.18. |
Ionomr Innovations |
| 9.19. |
Jolt Solutions |
| 9.19. |
Jolt Solutions |
| 9.20. |
KnitMesh Technologies: Electrolyzer Electrodes & PTL/GDLs |
| 9.20. |
KnitMesh Technologies: Electrolyzer Electrodes & PTL/GDLs |
| 9.21. |
Nel ASA: AWE Electrodes & Manufacturing Facilities |
| 9.21. |
Nel ASA: AWE Electrodes & Manufacturing Facilities |
| 9.22. |
Nippon Steel Chemical & Material: Mesoporous Carbon Material |
| 9.22. |
Nippon Steel Chemical & Material: Mesoporous Carbon Material |
| 9.23. |
Orion Polymer |
| 9.23. |
Orion Polymer |
| 9.24. |
Shinsung C&T: EV Fire Protection & Electrolyzer Materials |
| 9.24. |
Shinsung C&T: EV Fire Protection & Electrolyzer Materials |
| 9.25. |
Stargate Hydrogen |
| 9.25. |
Stargate Hydrogen |
| 9.26. |
Teijin: Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) for PEM Fuel Cells |
| 9.26. |
Teijin: Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) for PEM Fuel Cells |
| 9.27. |
thyssenkrupp nucera |
| 9.27. |
thyssenkrupp nucera |
| 9.28. |
Versogen |
| 9.28. |
Versogen |
| 9.29. |
WEVO-CHEMIE: Hydrogen & RFB Applications |
| 9.29. |
WEVO-CHEMIE: Hydrogen & RFB Applications |
